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ICANN 纪念向具有包容性的多语言互联网迈进 10 周年

2023 年 10 月 25 日
作者：
Theresa Swinehart

Theresa Swinehart

SVP, Global Domains & Strategy

Theresa Swinehart is the Senior Vice President of Global Domains and Strategy. In this role, she works with the community, contracted parties, stakeholders, and policymakers to ensure broad and inclusive engagement, consensus-based policymaking through ICANN’s multistakeholder model, and effective, accountable policy implementation. Her responsibilities include policy implementation, review operation, and cross-functional strategic initiatives such as ICANN’s compliance with the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation. An expert in global Internet governance, Theresa also serves as co-deputy to the President and CEO. Her extensive industry experience, including nearly 20 years as a key contributor to ICANN’s growth and development, gives her a valuable perspective on how ICANN organization can work efficiently and collaboratively to better serve the global Internet community.

Theresa rejoined ICANN after three years as Executive Director of Global Internet Policy at Verizon Communications, where she specialized in emerging issues as well as stakeholder and policy engagement. Prior to this, she served as ICANN’s Vice President of Global and Strategic Partnerships, leading a team responsible for partnership reform, global engagement and outreach, and the participation in international forums. Before ICANN, Theresa was Director of Global E-Commerce at MCI, where she was responsible for such issues as Internet service provider liability, data protection, and participation in Internet-related forums, including the formation of ICANN. 

Theresa has a bachelor’s degree in international relations from the University of California, Davis, a graduate degree in international studies from the University of Vienna, Austria, and a juris doctorate from American University. She served on the Internet Society’s Board of Trustees and Internet Governance Forum’s Multistakeholder Advisory Committee. Theresa began her career in international human rights. She is fluent in German and is conversant in French.

对于世界互联网用户来说，十月是一个吉祥的月份，因为它标志着我们在构建多语言互联网方面经历了 10 年的重大历程。2013 年 10 月，互联网域名系统 (Domain Name System, DNS) 引入了新通用顶级域项目 2012 年轮次的首批新通用顶级域 (Generic Top-Level Domain, gTLD)。

这一事件值得注意的是，首批新 gTLD（全部四个）都是国际化域名 (Internationalized Domain Name, IDN)：

  • .xn--ngbc5azd (شبكة.)–“.web”的阿拉伯文形式。
  • .xn--unup4y (.游戏) –“.games”的中文形式。
  • .xn--80aswg (.сайт) –“.site”的几种西里尔文语言形式。
  • .xn--80asehdb (.онлайн) –“.online”的几种西里尔文语言形式。

IDN 由各种文字的字符组成，让人们能够使用本地语言和文字的域名及电子邮件地址。IDN 的推出标志着我们在实现更具包容性的多语言互联网方面迈进了重要一步。

让互联网真正可无障碍访问，意味着当人们上网时，他们能够通过自己的键盘使用自己的语言上网。但目前大多数域名都采用拉丁文字，主要是英文字符，尽管世界上只有不到 25% 的人口讲英语。

虽然目前像“.游戏”和“شبكة.”之类的 IDN 已经推出了十年，但这些 IDN 并不总是被网络应用程序、设备和系统识别为有效域名。长度超过三个字符的域名也会遇到不普遍适用的问题。

普遍适用性 (Universal Acceptance, UA) 是一项技术要求，可确保所有的有效域名和电子邮件地址在任何支持互联网功能的应用程序、设备和系统中都能识别。支持互联网功能并实现 UA 就绪的应用程序和设备为下一个十亿用户上网提供了一条途径。

全球正在努力实现 UA。ICANN 致力于通过让人们能够使用本地语言和文字的域名，来支持具有数字包容性的多语言互联网。IDN 和 UA 已被视为战略重点，纳入到 ICANN 2021-2025 财年战略规划和 ICANN 代理首席执行官的工作目标中。根据 ICANN 章程，ICANN 致力于“...采用或实施考虑到将域名作为自然语言标识符的政策或程序”。

ICANN 正在努力使自己的系统实现 UA 就绪，并鼓励相关利益相关方采纳 UA。ICANN 还支持社群在 UA 和 IDN 相关工作方面所做的努力。有关正在开展的 UA 工作的更多详细信息，请点击此处以及访问 UA 指导小组网站。

新通用顶级域项目于 2012 年启动，实现了 DNS 迄今为止最大规模的扩展。ICANN 收到了 1,930 份申请，最终将 1,200 多个字符串授权给 DNS。

ICANN 目前正进入这一扩展的另一个阶段，即它准备启动新通用顶级域项目的下一轮次。该项目是 ICANN 应 ICANN 社群的要求实施的一项举措，其任务是确保互联网的安全性、稳定性和全球互用性。在此过程中，ICANN 旨在提高多样性、促进包容性，以及增强 DNS 的实用性。

如需了解有关新通用顶级域项目下一轮次的更多信息，请点击此处；同时，请务必收听或观看 ICANN78 会议的录音或录像。

Authors

Theresa Swinehart

Theresa Swinehart

SVP, Global Domains & Strategy
Theresa Swinehart

Theresa Swinehart

SVP, Global Domains & Strategy

Theresa Swinehart is the Senior Vice President of Global Domains and Strategy. In this role, she works with the community, contracted parties, stakeholders, and policymakers to ensure broad and inclusive engagement, consensus-based policymaking through ICANN’s multistakeholder model, and effective, accountable policy implementation. Her responsibilities include policy implementation, review operation, and cross-functional strategic initiatives such as ICANN’s compliance with the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation. An expert in global Internet governance, Theresa also serves as co-deputy to the President and CEO. Her extensive industry experience, including nearly 20 years as a key contributor to ICANN’s growth and development, gives her a valuable perspective on how ICANN organization can work efficiently and collaboratively to better serve the global Internet community.

Theresa rejoined ICANN after three years as Executive Director of Global Internet Policy at Verizon Communications, where she specialized in emerging issues as well as stakeholder and policy engagement. Prior to this, she served as ICANN’s Vice President of Global and Strategic Partnerships, leading a team responsible for partnership reform, global engagement and outreach, and the participation in international forums. Before ICANN, Theresa was Director of Global E-Commerce at MCI, where she was responsible for such issues as Internet service provider liability, data protection, and participation in Internet-related forums, including the formation of ICANN. 

Theresa has a bachelor’s degree in international relations from the University of California, Davis, a graduate degree in international studies from the University of Vienna, Austria, and a juris doctorate from American University. She served on the Internet Society’s Board of Trustees and Internet Governance Forum’s Multistakeholder Advisory Committee. Theresa began her career in international human rights. She is fluent in German and is conversant in French.

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