Reference LGR for script: Malayalam (Mlym) | lgr-second-level-malayalam-script-24aug20-en |
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This document is mechanically formatted from the above XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.
Date | 2020-08-24 |
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LGR Version | 3 |
Language | und-Mlym |
Unicode Version | 6.3.0 |
This document specifies a reference set of Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Malayalam script for the second level. The starting point for the development of this LGR can be found in the related Root Zone LGR [RZ-LGR-3-Mlym]. For details and additional background on the script, see "Proposal for a Malayalam Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR) [Proposal-Malayalam]". The format of this file follows [RFC 7940].
This is a DRAFT document released for public comments and not final. Please see the announcement on the ICANN website for public comments on the Second Level Reference LGRs for details on how to submit comments.
The repertoire contains 70 code points for letters used in the Malayalam language in addition to ten sequences used in defining variants. The repertoire is a subset of [Unicode 6.3]. For more detail, see Section 5, "Repertoire" in [Proposal-Malayalam]. (The proposal cited has been adopted for the Malayalam script portion of the Root Zone LGR.)
For the second level, the repertoire has been augmented with the ASCII digits, U+0030 (0) to U+0039 (9), and U+002D (-) HYPHEN-MINUS for a total of 91 repertoire elements.
Code points outside the Malayalam script that are listed in this file are targets for out-of-script variants and are identified by a reflexive (identity) variant of type "out-of-repertoire-var". They do not form part of the repertoire.
Each code point or range is tagged with the script or scripts that the code point is used with, one or more tag values denoting character category, and one or more references documenting sufficient justification for inclusion in the repertoire, see "References" below.
This reference LGR is designed for use in zones shared by more than one script. Where appropriate, cross-script variants have been defined to mutually exclude labels from different scripts that could otherwise be substituted by the users. Once a label has been delegated for one script, any variant labels from other scripts consisting of cross-script variants would be blocked. Any label containing at least one code point that is not a cross-script variant would be considered distinct. Because of that, even large numbers of defined cross-script variants generally do not lead to a high percentage of labels experiencing a collision.
This LGR defines in-script variants and cross-script variants as described in Section 6, "Variants", in "[Proposal-Malayalam]". One in-script variant is due to the multiple ways to write the conjunct “nta" in Malayalam. Cross-script variants are mainly defined for Tamil code points.
Digit Variants: The Malayalam reference LGR does not include native digits, so there are no variants defined. By transitivity, all ASCII digits are semantic variants of any cross-script native digits. Any Malayalam label that is otherwise a cross-script variant of a label in another script, will remain a variant if both labels add digits of the same value in the same position, irrespective of whether they are ASCII or (in the case of the other script) native digits. However, some Malayalam letters are homoglyphs of Malayalam native digits. For example, U+0D6A (൪) MALAYALAM DIGIT FOUR and U+0D6F (൯) MALAYALAM DIGIT NINE are homoglyphs of U+0D7C (ർ) MALAYALAM CHILLU RR and U+0D7D (ൽ) MALAYALAM CHILLU N respectively. Should an extension be contemplated that adds native digits, these might require variant relations. At the same time, however, the native digits would normally also be semantic variants of the European digits. In any zone containing multiple scripts, these two types of variant relation for digits may lead to complication once transitivity is applied.
Variant Disposition: All variants are of type "blocked", making labels that differ only by these variants mutually exclusive: whichever label containing either of these variants is chosen earlier, the other one equivalent variant label should be blocked. There is no preference among these variants.
The specification of variants in this reference LGR follows the guidelines in [RFC 8228].
Context Rules for Variants: some of the variants defined in this LGR are "effective null variants", that is, some code points in the source map to "nothing" in the target with all other code points unchanged. (Because mappings are symmetric, it does not matter whether it is the forward or reverse mapping that maps to "null"). Such variants require a context rule to keep the variant set well-behaved. Symmetry requires the same context rule for both forward and reverse mappings.
In other cases, the sequences or code points making up source and target are constrained by context rules on the code points. In such a case, any variants require context rules that match the intersection between the contexts for both source and target; otherwise a sequence might be considered valid in some variant label when it would not be valid in an equivalent context in an original label.
The basic characters in Malayalam are classified here into the following categories: Consonants, Vowels, Matra and Reordrant Vowel Diacritics, Halant, Visargam, Anusvaram and Chillu letters.
Consonant: Malayalam is written in an abugida script derived ultimately from Brahmi in which every consonant carries an inherent /a/. More details in Section 3.8, "The Structure of Malayalam Script" of [Proposal-Malayalam].
Vowels: Like consonants, the independent vowels can follow any other class of code points in a label.
Matra: Vowels other than the inherent vowel are written as vowel diacritics. They are referred to as Matras, when they follow consonants. More details in Section 3.8, "The Structure of Malayalam Script" of [Proposal-Malayalam].
Halant: A consonant can be combined with another consonant or conjunct using the halant encoded as U+0D4D (്) MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA. This strips off the implicit vowel. More details in Section 3.8, "The Structure of Malayalam Script" of [Proposal-Malayalam].
Anusvaram: In Malayalam, anusvara represented as U+0D02 (ം), simply represents a consonant /m/ after a vowel, though this /m/ may be assimilated to another nasal consonant. More details in Section 3.8, "The Structure of Malayalam Script" of [Proposal-Malayalam].
Visargam: The visarga represents a consonant /h/ after a vowel, and is transliterated as ḥ. Like the anusvara, it is a special symbol, and is never followed by an inherent vowel or another vowel. More details in Section 3.8, "The Structure of Malayalam Script" of [Proposal-Malayalam].
Chillu: Chillu letters, aka "Chillaksharam", represent pure consonants without any vowel sound. More details in Section 3.8, "The Structure of Malayalam Script" of [Proposal-Malayalam].
Reordrant: Vowel diacritics, part of which reorder around the preceding character or conjunct. More details in Sections 6.1 "In-script Variants" and 7.1.1 "Variables or definitions" of [Proposal-Malayalam].
Actions include the default actions for LGRs as well as that needed to invalidate labels with misplaced combining marks. They are marked with ⍟. For a description see [RFC 7940].
There are constraints on the context for many of the character classes in Malayalam. A corresponding set of context and whole label rules has been formulated for LGR specification, as described in Section 7, "Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) Rules" in [Proposal-Malayalam].
The following symbols are used in the WLE rules:
C → Consonant
M → Matra
V → Vowel
B → Anusvara
X → Visarga
D → Chandrabindu
H → Halant
L → Chillu
R → Reordrant Matra
Note: the Reordrant Matras include one sequence. That requires an auxiliary rule R in addition to class R.
The rules are:
The following context rules apply to Consonants U+0D33 (ള) RRA and U+0D31 (റ) LLA as well as to sequences ending in these code points:
Note: the implementation of Rules 7 & 8 relies on the fact that a context rule is not evaluated between code points in the same sequence. For example, if a label contains two adjacent U+0D33 U+0D33 (ളള) surrounded by other code points , the two code points can only be interpreted as the sequence U+0D33 U+0D33 (ളള) because a singleton U+0D33 (ള) is not allowed to be followed by another U+0D33 (ള).
The following context rule applies to the sequence Chillu N + Halant (U+0D7B U+0D4D):
The following context rules apply to variants:
These rules ensure that the variant label sets are well-behaved in cases where variant sequences overlap.
Note: any sequences ending with 0D31 would overlap with the various variant sequences beginning with 0D31, therefore this LGR drops the 0D31 from the end of these sequences, but adds context rule V1, when="followed-by-0D31" instead. Because all the variants also end in 0D31, this results in the same generated variants as if the sequences had been defined with trailing U+0D31 (റ), but now the variants are well-behaved in all contexts.
More details in Section 6.1, "In-script Variants" and Section 7, "Whole Label Evaluation Rules (WLE)" of [Proposal-Malayalam].
There are a number of cross-script homoglyphs to U+0D31 (റ) RRA, which would interact with the definition of in-script sequences and variants, leading to unacceptable complexity. These variants would affect only labels made solely of letters RRA, and no other labels. Rule 8 already restricts labels consisting solely of copies of the letter RRA to either "റ" or "ററ", thus allowing only two such labels. The following rule disallows the remaining two possible labels, obviating any need to define these cross-script variants.
WLE rules 6 and 10 trigger Malayalam-specific actions to invalidate any original and variant labels not satisfying the constraints. See Section 7, "Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) Rules" in [Proposal-Malayalam].
This reference LGR for Malayalam for the 2nd Level has been developed by Michel Suignard and Asmus Freytag, based on the latest available Root Zone LGR for Malayalam and information contained or referenced therein, see [RZ-LGR-3-Mlym]. Suitable extensions for the second level have been applied according to the [Guidelines]. The original proposal for a Root Zone LGR for the Malayalam script, that this reference LGR is based on, was developed by the Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel (NBGP). For more information on methodology and contributors to the underlying Root Zone LGR, see [Proposal-Malayalam].
The following general references are cited in this document:
For references consulted particularly in designing the repertoire for the Malayalam script for the Root Zone please see details in the Table of References below. References [0] to [9] refer to the Unicode Standard versions in which the corresponding code points were initially encoded. Reference [106] corresponds to a source given in [Proposal-Malayalam] justifying the inclusion of the corresponding code points. Entries in the table may have multiple source reference values.
Number of elements in Repertoire | 91 | ||||||||
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Out of repertoire variants | 7 | ||||||||
Total entries in table | 98 | ||||||||
Number of code points for each script |
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Number of code points | 88 | ||||||||
Number of sequences | 10 | ||||||||
Longest code point sequence | 4 |
The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.
For any code point or sequence for which a variant is defined, additional information is provided in the Variants column. Some code points or sequences listed in the following table are not part of the repertoire itself; they document targets for out-of-repertoire variant mappings as indicated. See also the legend provided below the table.
Code Point |
Glyph | Script | Name | Ref | Tags | Required Context | Part of Repertoire |
Variants | Comment |
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U+002D | - | Common | HYPHEN-MINUS | [0] | Hyphen | not: hyphen-minus-disallowed | ✔ | ⍟ | |
U+0030 | 0 | Common | DIGIT ZERO | [0] | Common-digit | ✔ | ⍟ | ||
U+0031 | 1 | Common | DIGIT ONE | [0] | Common-digit | ✔ | ⍟ | ||
U+0032 | 2 | Common | DIGIT TWO | [0] | Common-digit | ✔ | ⍟ | ||
U+0033 | 3 | Common | DIGIT THREE | [0] | Common-digit | ✔ | ⍟ | ||
U+0034 | 4 | Common | DIGIT FOUR | [0] | Common-digit | ✔ | ⍟ | ||
U+0035 | 5 | Common | DIGIT FIVE | [0] | Common-digit | ✔ | ⍟ | ||
U+0036 | 6 | Common | DIGIT SIX | [0] | Common-digit | ✔ | ⍟ | ||
U+0037 | 7 | Common | DIGIT SEVEN | [0] | Common-digit | ✔ | ⍟ | ||
U+0038 | 8 | Common | DIGIT EIGHT | [0] | Common-digit | ✔ | ⍟ | ||
U+0039 | 9 | Common | DIGIT NINE | [0] | Common-digit | ✔ | ⍟ | ||
U+0B20 | ଠ | Oriya | ORIYA LETTER TTHA | [0] | ✗ | set 1 | not part of repertoire | ||
U+0B9C | ஜ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER JA | [0] | ✗ | set 2 | not part of repertoire | ||
U+0BAE | ம | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER MA | [0] | ✗ | set 3 | not part of repertoire | ||
U+0BB5 | வ | Tamil | TAMIL LETTER VA | [0] | ✗ | set 4 | not part of repertoire | ||
U+0BBF | ி | Tamil | TAMIL VOWEL SIGN I | [0] | ✗ | set 5 | not part of repertoire | ||
U+0BC6 | ெ | Tamil | TAMIL VOWEL SIGN E | [0] | ✗ | set 6 | not part of repertoire | ||
U+0BC7 | ே | Tamil | TAMIL VOWEL SIGN EE | [0] | ✗ | set 7 | not part of repertoire | ||
U+0D02 | ം | Malayalam | MALAYALAM SIGN ANUSVARA | [0], [106] | Anusvaram | follows-C-V-or-M | ✔ | ||
U+0D03 | ഃ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM SIGN VISARGA | [0], [106] | Visargam | follows-C-V-or-M | ✔ | ||
U+0D05 | അ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER A | [0], [106] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0D06 | ആ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER AA | [0], [106] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0D07 | ഇ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER I | [0], [106] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0D08 | ഈ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER II | [0], [106] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0D09 | ഉ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER U | [0], [106] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0D0A | ഊ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER UU | [0], [106] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0D0B | ഋ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER VOCALIC R | [0], [106] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0D0E | എ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER E | [0], [106] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0D0F | ഏ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER EE | [0], [106] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0D10 | ഐ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER AI | [0], [106] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0D12 | ഒ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER O | [0], [106] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0D13 | ഓ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER OO | [0], [106] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0D14 | ഔ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER AU | [0], [106] | Vowel | ✔ | |||
U+0D15 | ക | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER KA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D16 | ഖ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER KHA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | set 4 | ||
U+0D17 | ഗ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER GA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D18 | ഘ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER GHA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D19 | ങ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER NGA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D1A | ച | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D1B | ഛ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CHA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D1C | ജ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER JA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | set 2 | ||
U+0D1D | ഝ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER JHA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D1E | ഞ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER NYA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D1F | ട | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER TTA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D20 | ഠ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER TTHA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | set 1 | ||
U+0D21 | ഡ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER DDA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D22 | ഢ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER DDHA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D23 | ണ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER NNA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D24 | ത | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER TA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D25 | ഥ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER THA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | set 3 | ||
U+0D26 | ദ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER DA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D27 | ധ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER DHA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D28 | ന | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER NA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D28 U+0D4D | ന് | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER NA + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA | [0], [106] | [Consonant] + [Halant] | not: follows-B-X-or-H | ✔ | set 8 | |
U+0D2A | പ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER PA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D2B | ഫ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER PHA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D2C | ബ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER BA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D2D | ഭ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER BHA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D2E | മ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER MA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D2F | യ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER YA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D30 | ര | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER RA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D31 | റ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER RRA | [0], [106] | Consonant | not: follows-0D31 | ✔ | ||
U+0D31 U+0D31 | ററ | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER RRA + MALAYALAM LETTER RRA | [Consonant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D31 | ✔ | set 9 | ||
U+0D31 U+0D31 U+0D4D U+0D31 | ററ്റ | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER RRA + MALAYALAM LETTER RRA + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA + MALAYALAM LETTER RRA | [Consonant] + [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D31 | ✔ | set 10 | ||
U+0D31 U+0D4D U+0D31 | റ്റ | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER RRA + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA + MALAYALAM LETTER RRA | [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D31 | ✔ | set 9 | ||
U+0D31 U+0D4D U+0D31 U+0D31 | റ്ററ | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER RRA + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA + MALAYALAM LETTER RRA + MALAYALAM LETTER RRA | [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D31 | ✔ | set 10 | ||
U+0D32 | ല | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER LA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D33 | ള | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER LLA | [0], [106] | Consonant | not: follows-0D33 | ✔ | ||
U+0D33 U+0D33 | ളള | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER LLA + MALAYALAM LETTER LLA | [Consonant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D33 | ✔ | set 11 | ||
U+0D33 U+0D33 U+0D4D U+0D33 | ളള്ള | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER LLA + MALAYALAM LETTER LLA + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA + MALAYALAM LETTER LLA | [Consonant] + [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D33 | ✔ | set 12 | ||
U+0D33 U+0D4D U+0D33 | ള്ള | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER LLA + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA + MALAYALAM LETTER LLA | [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D33 | ✔ | set 11 | ||
U+0D33 U+0D4D U+0D33 U+0D33 | ള്ളള | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER LLA + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA + MALAYALAM LETTER LLA + MALAYALAM LETTER LLA | [Consonant] + [Halant] + [Consonant] + [Consonant] | not: follows-0D33 | ✔ | set 12 | ||
U+0D34 | ഴ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER LLLA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D35 | വ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER VA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D36 | ശ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER SHA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D37 | ഷ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER SSA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D38 | സ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER SA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D39 | ഹ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER HA | [0], [106] | Consonant | ✔ | |||
U+0D3E | ാ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN AA | [0], [106] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | ||
U+0D3F | ി | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN I | [0], [106] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | set 5 | |
U+0D40 | ീ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN II | [0], [106] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | ||
U+0D41 | ു | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN U | [0], [106] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | ||
U+0D42 | ൂ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN UU | [0], [106] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | ||
U+0D43 | ൃ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R | [0], [106] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | ||
U+0D46 | െ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN E | [0], [106] | Matra, R | follows-C | ✔ | set 6 | |
U+0D47 | േ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN EE | [0], [106] | Matra, R | follows-C | ✔ | set 7 | |
U+0D48 | ൈ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN AI | [0], [106] | Matra, R | follows-C | ✔ | ||
U+0D4A | ൊ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN O | [0], [106] | Matra, R | follows-C | ✔ | ||
U+0D4B | ോ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN OO | [0], [106] | Matra, R | follows-C | ✔ | ||
U+0D4D | ് | Malayalam | MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA | [0], [106] | Halant | follows-C-or-0D41 | ✔ | ||
U+0D57 | ൗ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM AU LENGTH MARK | [0], [106] | Matra | follows-C | ✔ | ||
U+0D7A | ൺ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU NN | [9], [106] | Chillu | not: follows-B-X-or-H | ✔ | ||
U+0D7B | ൻ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU N | [9], [106] | Chillu | not: follows-B-X-or-H | ✔ | set 8 | |
U+0D7B U+0D4D | ൻ് | {Malayalam} | MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU N + MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA | [Chillu] + [Halant] | follows-C-L-M-V-and-followed-by-03D1 | ✔ | set 8 | ||
U+0D7C | ർ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU RR | [9], [106] | Chillu | not: follows-B-X-or-H | ✔ | ||
U+0D7D | ൽ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU L | [9], [106] | Chillu | not: follows-B-X-or-H | ✔ | ||
U+0D7E | ൾ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU LL | [9], [106] | Chillu | not: follows-B-X-or-H | ✔ | ||
U+0D7F | ൿ | Malayalam | MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU K | [9], [106] | Chillu | not: follows-B-X-or-H | ✔ |
Legend
Throughout this LGR, a code point sequence may be annotated with a string in ALL CAPS that is constructed on the same principle as a name for a Unicode Named Sequence. No claim is made that a sequence thus annotated is in fact a named sequence, nor that the annotation in such case actually corresponds to the formal name of a named sequence.
Number of variant sets | 12 | ||
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Largest variant set | 3 | ||
Ordinary Variants by Type |
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Reflexive Variants by Type |
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The following tables list all variant sets defined in this LGR, except for singleton sets. Each table lists all variant mapping pairs of the set; one per row. Mappings are assumed to be symmetric: each row documents both forward (→) and reverse (←) mapping directions. In each table, the mappings are sorted by Source value in ascending code point order; shading is used to group mappings from the same source code point or sequence.
Where the type of both forward and reverse mappings are the same, a single value is given in the Type column; otherwise the types for forward and reverse mappings, as well as comments and references, are listed above one another. For summary counts, both forward and reverse mappings are always counted separately.
A mapping where source and target are the same is reflexive. Variant sets consisting of only a single reflexive mapping are not shown as a set. Instead, the variant type of the mapping is listed in the Variants column of the Repertoire by Code Point table. Reflexive mappings that are part of a larger set are indicated with a “≡” and are counted once per entry.
In any LGR with variant specifications that are well behaved, all members within each variant set are defined as variants of each other; the mappings in each set are symmetric and transitive; and variant sets for each context are disjoint, but code points that have variants with multiple contexts are members of more than one set.
Common Legend
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0B20 | ଠ | 0B20 | ଠ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var | Out of repertoire | |
0B20 | ଠ | 0D20 | ഠ | ↔ | blocked | Cross-script homoglyph |
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0B9C | ஜ | 0B9C | ஜ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var | Out of repertoire | |
0B9C | ஜ | 0D1C | ജ | ↔ | blocked | Cross-script homoglyph |
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0BAE | ம | 0BAE | ம | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var | Out of repertoire | |
0BAE | ம | 0D25 | ഥ | ↔ | blocked | Cross-script homoglyph |
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0BB5 | வ | 0BB5 | வ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var | Out of repertoire | |
0BB5 | வ | 0D16 | ഖ | ↔ | blocked | Cross-script homoglyph |
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0BBF | ி | 0BBF | ி | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var | Out of repertoire | |
0BBF | ி | 0D3F | ി | ↔ | blocked | Cross-script homoglyph |
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0BC6 | ெ | 0BC6 | ெ | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var | Out of repertoire | |
0BC6 | ெ | 0D46 | െ | ↔ | blocked | Cross-script homoglyph |
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0BC7 | ே | 0BC7 | ே | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var | Out of repertoire | |
0BC7 | ே | 0D47 | േ | ↔ | blocked | Cross-script homoglyph |
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0D28 0D4D | ന് | 0D7B | ൻ | ↔ | blocked | followed-by-0D31 | ||
0D28 0D4D | ന് | 0D7B 0D4D | ൻ് | ↔ | blocked | followed-by-0D31 | ||
0D7B | ൻ | 0D7B 0D4D | ൻ് | ↔ | blocked | followed-by-0D31 |
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0D31 0D31 | ററ | 0D31 0D4D 0D31 | റ്റ | ↔ | blocked | not: follows-0D31-0D4D-or-followed-by-0D4D-0D31-or-R |
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0D31 0D31 0D4D 0D31 | ററ്റ | 0D31 0D4D 0D31 0D31 | റ്ററ | ↔ | blocked | not: followed-by-R |
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0D33 0D33 | ളള | 0D33 0D4D 0D33 | ള്ള | ↔ | blocked | not: follows-0D33-0D4D-or-followed-by-0D4D-0D33-or-R |
Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Required Context | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0D33 0D33 0D4D 0D33 | ളള്ള | 0D33 0D4D 0D33 0D33 | ള്ളള | ↔ | blocked | not: followed-by-R |
The following table lists all named and implicit classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).
Name | Definition | Count | Members or Ranges | Ref | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | Tag=Consonant | 36 | {0D15-0D28 0D2A-0D39} | Any Malayalam consonant | |
V | Tag=Vowel | 13 | {0D05-0D0B 0D0E-0D10 0D12-0D14} | Any Malayalam independent vowel | |
M | Tag=Matra | 12 | {0D3E-0D43 0D46-0D48 0D4A-0D4B 0D57} | Any Malayalam vowel sign (matra) | |
H | Tag=Halant | 1 | {0D4D} | The Malayalam Halant/Virama | |
B | Tag=Anusvaram | 1 | {0D02} | The Malayalam Anusvaram | |
X | Tag=Visargam | 1 | {0D03} | The Malayalam Visargam | |
L | Tag=Chillu | 6 | {0D7A-0D7F} | Any Malayalam chillu (consonant without any vowel sound) | |
R | Tag=R | 5 | {0D46-0D48 0D4A-0D4B} | Any Malayalam reordrant vowel sign | |
hyphen | Tag=Hyphen | 1 | {002D} | The Hyphen-minus character ⍟ | |
implicit | Tag=Common-digit | 10 | {0030-0039} | Any character tagged as Common-digit | |
implicit | Tag=sc:Mlym | 70 | {0D02-0D03 0D05-0D0B 0D0E-0D10 0D12-0D28 0D2A-0D39 0D3E-0D43 0D46-0D48 0D4A-0D4B 0D4D 0D57 0D7A-0D7F} | Any character tagged as Malayalam | |
implicit | Tag=sc:Orya | 1 | {0B20} | Any character tagged as Oriya | |
implicit | Tag=sc:Taml | 6 | {0B9C 0BAE 0BB5 0BBF 0BC6-0BC7} | Any character tagged as Tamil | |
implicit | Tag=sc:Zyyy | 11 | {002D 0030-0039} | Any character tagged as Common |
Legend
The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point or variant.
Name | Regular Expression | Used as Trigger |
Anchor | Used as Context |
Ref | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
leading-combining-mark | (start)[[\p{gc=Mn}] ∪ [\p{gc=Mc}]] |
✔ | RFC 5891 restrictions on placement of combining marks ⍟ | |||
hyphen-minus-disallowed | (((start))← ⚓)|(⚓ →((end)))|(((start)..[:hyphen:])← ⚓) |
✔ | C | [150] | RFC 5891 restrictions on placement of U+002D (-) ⍟ | |
follows-C-or-0D41 | ([:C:]|\u0D41)← ⚓ |
✔ | C | Section 7, WLE 1: Rule 1: H must be preceded by C or 0D41 | ||
follows-C | ([:C:])← ⚓ |
✔ | C | Section 7, WLE 2: M must be preceded by C | ||
follows-C-V-or-M | ([:C:]|[:V:]|[:M:])← ⚓ |
✔ | C | Section 7, WLE 3: B must be preceded by C, V or M and WLE 4: X must be preceded by C, V or M | ||
follows-B-X-or-H | ([:B:]|[:X:]|[:H:])← ⚓ |
✔ | C | Section 7, WLE 5: L cannot be preceded by B, X or H | ||
begins-with-L | (start)[:L:] |
✔ | Section 7, WLE 6: Label does not begin with L | |||
follows-0D33 | (\u0D33)← ⚓ |
✔ | C | Section 7, WLE 7. The character ള (0D33) cannot immediately follow ള (0D33), except as part of a defined sequence | ||
follows-0D31 | (\u0D31)← ⚓ |
✔ | C | Section 7, WLE 8. The character റ (0D31) cannot immediately follow റ (0D31), except as part of a defined sequence | ||
follows-C-L-M-V-and-followed-by-03D1 | ([:C:]|[:L:]|[:M:]|[:V:])← ⚓ →(\u0D31) |
✔ | C | Section 7, WLE 9: Sequence 0D7B 0D4D must be preceded by C, L, M, V and must be followed by റ (0D31) | ||
reordrant-matra | [:R:]|\u0D4D\u0D30 |
Reordrant matras, including sequence U+0D4D U+0D30 (്ര) | ||||
followed-by-R | ⚓ →((:reordrant-matra:)) |
✔ | V | variant not defined if followed by reordrant matra | ||
followed-by-0D31 | ⚓ →(\u0D31) |
✔ | V | Section 6.1, V1: A variant is defined when followed by 0D31 | ||
follows-0D33-0D4D-or-followed-by-0D4D-0D33-or-R | ((\u0D33\u0D4D)← ⚓)|(⚓ →(\u0D4D\u0D33|(:reordrant-matra:))) |
✔ | V | Section 6.1, V2: variant not defined if preceded by 0D33+Halant or followed by Halant+0D33 or R | ||
follows-0D31-0D4D-or-followed-by-0D4D-0D31-or-R | ((\u0D31\u0D4D)← ⚓)|(⚓ →(\u0D4D\u0D31|(:reordrant-matra:))) |
✔ | V | Section 6.1, V3: variant not defined if preceded by 0D31+Halant or followed by Halant+0D31 or R | ||
only-RRA | (start)\u0D31+(end) |
✔ | Section 7, WLE 10: Labels consisting solely of the letter RRA are disallowed to limit cross-script interaction | |||
ascii-only-label | (start)[\u002D\u0030-\u0039]+(end) |
✔ | [150] | RFC 5891 restriction requiring at least one non-ASCII code point ⍟ |
Legend
The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.
# | Condition | Rule / Variant Set | Disposition | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | if label matches | leading-combining-mark | → | invalid | [150] | labels with leading combining marks are invalid ⍟ |
2 | if label matches | ascii-only-label | → | invalid | [150] | ascii-only labels invalid (not IDNs) ⍟ |
3 | if label matches | begins-with-L | → | invalid | Section 7, WLE 6: Label does not begin with L | |
4 | if label matches | only-RRA | → | invalid | Section 7, WLE 10: Label cannot contain only RRA | |
5 | if at least one variant is in | {out-of-repertoire-var} | → | invalid | any variant label with a code point out of repertoire is invalid ⍟ | |
6 | if at least one variant is in | {blocked} | → | blocked | any variant label containing blocked variants is blocked ⍟ | |
7 | if each variant is in | {allocatable} | → | allocatable | variant labels with all variants allocatable are allocatable ⍟ | |
8 | if any label (catch-all) | → | valid | catch all; default action ⍟ |
Legend
The following lists the references cited for specific code points, variants, classes, rules or actions in this LGR. For General references refer to the "References" section in the Description.
[0] | The Unicode Standard 1.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 1.1 |
[9] | The Unicode Standard 5.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode 5.1 |
[106] | Omniglot, "Malayalam (മലയാളം):" https://www.omniglot.com/writing/malayalam.htm (Accessed on 5th July, 2018) |
[150] | RFC 5891, Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891 |